ll1/grammar/grammar.go

// Grammar describes the rules for a particular ll-parsable language.
package grammar

import "fmt"
import "unicode"
import "sort"
import "strings"

import . "src.eruta.nl/beoran/ll1/common"

// Grammars consists of rules. A Rule can be a Terminal,
// which includes the special terminals Epsilon and End,
// or one of the following nonterminals: and Alternate, a Sequence or a Reference.
type Rule interface {
	// Name is the optional name of the rule. If empty, the rule is anonymous.
	Name() string
	// Definition is the detail of how the rule should be parsed.
	// For a Terminal Rule this is the rule itself.
	Definition() Rule
	// Rules can be stringified
	String() string
	Check(g *Grammar, r Rule) error
	// The first set of the rule
	FirstSet() (Set, error)
	FollowSet(g *Grammar) (Set, error)
}

// A set is a set of terminals, either the first set or the follow set
// of a rule in the grammar.
type Set map[string]Terminal

type BasicRule struct {
	name string
}

func (r BasicRule) Definition() Rule {
	return r
}

func (e BasicRule) Name() string {
	return e.name
}

func (e BasicRule) String() string {
	return fmt.Sprintf("%s", e.name)
}

func (e BasicRule) Check(g *Grammar, r Rule) error {
	return nil
}

func (e BasicRule) FirstSet() (Set, error) {
	res := make(Set)
	return res, nil
}

func (e BasicRule) FollowSet(g *Grammar) (Set, error) {
	res := make(Set)
	return res, nil
}

func (r BasicRule) IsTerminal() bool {
	return !unicode.IsUpper([]rune(r.name)[0])
}

type Terminal struct {
	BasicRule
	Kind
}

func (t Terminal) String() string {
	return fmt.Sprintf("%s(%d)", t.name, t.Kind)
}

func (t Terminal) FirstSet() (Set, error) {
	res := make(Set)
	res.Add(t)
	return res, nil
}

// Epsilon is the empty rule.
type Epsilon struct {
	Terminal
}

func (e Epsilon) String() string {
	return "ε"
}

// End corresponds to EOF or the end of the input.
type End struct {
	Terminal
}

func (e End) String() string {
	return "$"
}

type Nonterminal struct {
	BasicRule
	Define   Rule
	Template string
	// First set of the rule
	First Set
	// Follow set of the rule
	Follow Set
	// Nullable or not
	Nullable bool
	// Realizable or not
	Realizable bool
	// Recursive (i.e. LEFT-recursive, which LL(1) disallows)
	Recursive bool
	// Undefined nonterminals in this rule
	Undefined bool
	// Depth is the depth of (mutual) recursion of a rule. Limited to 16.
	Depth int
}

func (n Nonterminal) String() string {
	return fmt.Sprintf("%s -> %s", n.BasicRule, n.Define)
}

func (n Nonterminal) Definition() Rule {
	return n.Define
}

func (r BasicRule) Equals(r2 Rule) bool {
	// XXX probably not correct
	return r.Name() == r2.Name()
}

func (n Nonterminal) FirstSet() (Set, error) {
	if n.Define == nil { // XXX can this happen an when/why?
		return Set{}, nil
	}
	return n.Define.FirstSet()
}

func (n Nonterminal) FollowSet(g *Grammar) (Set, error) {
	if n.Define == nil {
		return Set{}, nil
	}
	return n.Define.FollowSet(g)
}

// Nonterminals can cause recursion and need to be checked
// XXX this function still is very likely wrong.
func (n Nonterminal) Check(g *Grammar, r Rule) error {
	if n.Define == nil {
		n.Undefined = true
		return fmt.Errorf("%s: rule has empty definition", n.Name())
	} else if n.Name() != r.Name() {
		return nil
	}
	// check recursively as well
	if n.Depth < 16 {
		n.Depth++
		return n.Define.Check(g, n)
	}
	return fmt.Errorf("%s: left recursive or recursion too deep", n)
}

type Sequence struct {
	Nonterminal
	Rules []Rule
}

func (s Sequence) String() string {
	sep := ""
	res := ""
	for _, rule := range s.Rules {
		res = res + sep + rule.String()
		sep = "   "
	}
	return res
}

func (s Sequence) Check(g *Grammar, r Rule) error {
	// check Leftmost Rule for left recursion
	if len(s.Rules) > 0 {
		e := s.Rules[0]
		return e.Check(g, r)
	}
	return nil
}

func (s Sequence) FirstSet() (Set, error) {
	if len(s.Rules) > 0 {
		return s.Rules[0].FirstSet()
	}
	return make(Set), nil
}

func (a Alternates) FirstSet() (Set, error) {
	res := make(Set)
	for _, s := range a.Rules {
		fs, err := s.FirstSet()
		if err != nil {
			return res, err
		}
		res = res.Union(fs)
	}
	return res, nil
}

type Alternates struct {
	Nonterminal
	Rules []Rule
}

func (a Alternates) Check(g *Grammar, r Rule) error {
	for _, s := range a.Rules {
		err := s.Check(g, r)
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
	}
	return nil
}

func (a Alternates) String() string {
	sep := ""
	res := "("
	for _, rule := range a.Rules {
		res = res + sep + rule.String()
		sep = " | "
	}
	return res + ")"
}

// Reference to anther rule by name, to enable right recursion.
// This also requires apointer to the grammar for later resolution.
type Reference struct {
	Grammar *Grammar
	Nonterminal
	To string
}

func (r Reference) Resolve() (Rule, error) {
	return r.Grammar.Lookup(r.To)
}

func IsEpsilon(e Rule) bool {
	_, ok := e.(Epsilon)
	return ok
}

func IsNonterminal(e Rule) bool {
	_, ok := e.(Nonterminal)
	return ok
}

// whether an Set is nullable (i.e. contains epsilon)
func (s Set) IsNullable() bool {
	for _, e := range s {
		if IsEpsilon(e) {
			return true
		}
	}
	return false
}

func (s Set) Contains(e Terminal) bool {
	name := e.Name()
	_, ok := s[name]
	return ok
}

func (s Set) ContainsKind(k Kind) bool {
	kinds := s.ToKinds()
	for _, ok := range kinds {
		if ok == k {
			return true
		}
	}
	return false
}

func (s *Set) Add(e Terminal) bool {
	name := e.Name()
	_, ok := (*s)[name]
	if ok {
		return false
	}
	(*s)[name] = e
	return true
}

func (s Set) UnionWithoutEpsilon(s2 Set) Set {
	res := make(Set)
	if s != nil {
		for _, v := range s {
			if !IsEpsilon(v) {
				res.Add(v)
			}
		}
	}
	if s2 != nil {
		for _, v := range s2 {
			if !IsEpsilon(v) {
				res.Add(v)
			}
		}
	}
	return res
}

func (s Set) Union(s2 Set) Set {
	res := make(Set)
	for _, v := range s {
		res.Add(v)
	}
	for _, v := range s2 {
		res.Add(v)
	}
	return res
}

func (s Set) Intersect(s2 Set) Set {
	res := make(Set)
	for _, v := range s {
		if s2.Contains(v) {
			res.Add(v)
		}
	}
	return res
}

func (s Set) String() string {
	if len(s) == 0 {
		return "∅"
	}
	aid := []string{}
	for _, v := range s {
		aid = append(aid, v.String())
	}
	sort.Strings(aid)
	return strings.Join(aid, " ")
}

func (s Set) ToKinds() []Kind {
	if len(s) == 0 {
		return []Kind{}
	}
	res := []Kind{}
	for _, t := range s {
		res = append(res, t.Kind)
	}
	return res
}

type Grammar struct {
	BasicRule
	Top   Rule
	Rules []Rule
	// All rules, terminals and nonterminals mapped by name.
	NamedRules map[string]Rule
	// List of error of the grammar. Only valid
	// after running Check()
	Errors []error
}

func NewGrammar() *Grammar {
	g := &Grammar{}
	g.NamedRules = map[string]Rule{}
	return g
}

func (g Grammar) String() string {
	res := "Top → " + g.Top.Name() + "\n"
	for _, r := range g.Rules {
		res = res + r.String() + "\n"
	}
	return res
}

func (g Grammar) Lookup(name string) (Rule, error) {
	r, ok := g.NamedRules[name]
	if ok {
		return r, nil
	}
	return nil, fmt.Errorf("Undefined rule: %s", name)
}

func (g *Grammar) AddRule(r Rule) Rule {
	g.Rules = append(g.Rules, r)
	if r.Name() != "" {
		g.NamedRules[r.Name()] = r
	}
	return r
}

func Term(name string, kind Kind) Rule {
	term := Terminal{}
	term.name = name
	term.Kind = kind
	return term
}

func Seq(name, template string, rules ...Rule) Sequence {
	seq := Sequence{}
	seq.name = name
	seq.Template = template
	seq.Rules = rules
	return seq
}

func And(rules ...Rule) Rule {
	return Seq("", "", rules...)
}

func Alt(name, template string, rules ...Rule) Alternates {
	alt := Alternates{}
	alt.name = name
	alt.Template = template
	alt.Rules = rules
	return alt
}

func Or(seqs ...Rule) Rule {
	return Alt("", "", seqs...)
}

func Opt(name, template string, rule Rule) Rule {
	rules := []Rule{rule, Epsilon{}}
	return Alt(name, template, rules...)
}

func (g *Grammar) Alt(name, template string, seqs ...Rule) Rule {
	return g.AddRule(Alt(name, template, seqs...))
}

func (g *Grammar) Seq(name, template string, seqs ...Rule) Rule {
	return g.AddRule(Seq(name, template, seqs...))
}

func (g *Grammar) Term(name string, kind Kind) Rule {
	return g.AddRule(Term(name, kind))
}

func (g *Grammar) Opt(name, template string, rule Rule) Rule {
	return g.AddRule(Opt(name, template, rule))
}

func Ref(g *Grammar, name, to string) Reference {
	ref := Reference{}
	ref.Nonterminal.name = name
	ref.Grammar = g
	ref.To = to
	return ref
}

func (g *Grammar) Ref(name, to string) Rule {
	return g.AddRule(Ref(g, name, to))
}